All authors contributed to the design of the study, specification of study questions addressed, and decisions regarding statistical analyses to address these questions.
These threats should be addressed using recognised approaches, including appropriate choice of comparators, detailed understanding of the change processes at work, careful specification of research questions, and the use of falsification tests and other methods for strengthening causal attribution.
Further specification of this question was based on 'justice' theory [ 15].
Specification of the research questions: this is considered to be the most important part of the systematic review, as these questions will guide all the following steps, as the search for primary studies, extraction and analysis of information.
Further specification of federal priority questions can be expected to more clearly direct future research in this area.
Fig. 4 Specification of the number of questions in the online D&P window Fig. 5 Online D&P activities: multiple-choice (left), yes/no (middle), and matching (right) questions Fig. 6 Online D&P review with correct answer shown (matching question type).
One involves the specification of the study question, and the implications of that specification.
CG and DO contributed to the specification of the research question and the writing of the manuscript.
During the design stages of a trial many decisions are made that determine the relevance and conduct of the proposed research: the precise specification of the research question, including the outcomes to be measured; visit schedules; methods of data collection; recruitment and consent procedures.
If someone told us to find the mass of that thing over there, we would need a further specification of the thing in question before we could find its mass.
