Study Selection: Studies were initially reviewed according to the following exclusion criteria: nonintervention studies; theoretical, descriptive, or review papers; papers without adequate specification of interventions; subjects other than persons with TBI or stroke; pediatric subjects; pharmacologic interventions; and non-English language papers.
6 The selection and specification of interventions, in cases where a WHO-CHOICE regional analysis was available, corresponded closely to the interventions defined in the prior analysis.
It does this through identification of problems, specification of intervention, and the comparison and evaluation of outcomes of treatments.
A key element in our approach is the specification of intervention cost functions at various coverage levels.
Inadequate specification of intervention procedures, combined with other factors at work within the community of bereavement care investigators, may have resulted in the dearth of published replication studies.
Publication of the preliminary phases can provide theoretical and feasibility detail and specification of intervention components which can begin to address concerns [ 13, 14].
Improved specification of intervention components and hypothesised causal pathways linking components to outcomes would lead to improved evaluations (Acevedo-Garcia, et al., 2004, Thomson et al., 2009).
Less controversially, there is consistent evidence that effectiveness of an intervention is dependent on attention to the importance of audience characteristics [ 22], the need to tailor interventions to individuals [ 38], and the necessity of clear specification of intervention [ 39].
Of fundamental concern is the absence of adequate specification of intervention components in published trials to allow reliable inclusion in systematic reviews and to facilitate effective clinical appraisal of the intervention.
A defining feature of co-creation is its emergent and adaptive nature, making detailed pre-specification of interventions and outcome measures impossible.
The precise and formal specification of surgical interventions is a necessary requirement for many applications in surgery, including teaching and learning, quality assessment and evaluation, and computer-assisted surgery.
