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We have designed multivalent biomaterials presenting Shh in defined spatial arrangements and investigated the role of Shh valency in ventral specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into these therapeutically relevant cell types.
This analysis resulted in the development and validation of chemically defined culture conditions for achieving specification of human embryonic stem cells into neuroectoderm, mesendoderm and into extra-embryonic tissues.
Non-canonical Wnt signaling has pleiotropic effects on cell polarity, directed motility, morphogenesis and was shown to regulate mammalian stem cell biology in at least two situations: Wnt7a drives the symmetric expansion of skeletal muscle satellite stem cells while Wnt11 orchestrates specification of human embryonic stem cells toward hematopoietic lineage [5], [6].
Indeed, emerging data have shown that several phosphatases (e.g., PTEN and Shp2) are important for the differentiation capacity and lineage specification of human and murine PSCs.
Such limited usage of differential promoter methylation for gene regulation has been observed in other developmental contexts, such as the lineage specification of human embryonic stem cells [ 66], highlighting that this phenomenon is not specific to male germ cell development.
In addition, recent studies suggest that cell-intrinsic events governing the specification of human PGCs are also different from those in mice, at least based on the results of in vitro assays.
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In this study, we have examined the specific developmental stimulus that supports the endothelial specification of the human Isl1+ progenitors in vitro and in vivo.
There, Themistius argues that the active intellect is the most accurate specification of the human form (In DA 100.35 36).
Taken together, our result has demonstrated a direct effect of VEGF-A in driving endothelial specification of the human Isl1+ cardiovascular progenitors both in vitro and in vivo, away from the spontaneous smooth muscle and cardiac muscle differentiation pathways.
To examine which angiocrine factor might be responsible for endothelial specification of the human Isl1+ progenitors, angiocrine factors that were highly expressed by OFT-ECs were employed as "X" in the endothelial differentiation protocol.
To address the longstanding question regarding cell-fate specification of the human ESC-derived Isl1+ progenitors in vivo, we have employed a novel approach to overexpress VEGF-A in the Isl1+ progenitors via chemically modified mRNA (modRNA).
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