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In this specification, coefficients represent percent changes in WTP in response to a unit change in the characteristics: (4) β X, SDC = ∂ log WT P ij ∂ X, SDC = ∂ WT P ij WT P ij · ∂ X, SDC A set of socio-demographic characteristics (see Table 2) was included in the three models, as well as an indicator of the physician's specialization and an indicator of service improvement.
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In this preferred specification, coefficient β1 captures the baseline rate of decline in AMI mortality prior to the 2006 reforms, for locations in which our index of market structure is zero (a monopoly).
A state of residence fixed effects is included in all the specifications, coefficients not reported.
In every specification the coefficients have the same sign, almost the same magnitude and significance.
In this specification exponential coefficients represent the odds ratios for the change in characteristics.
In the third column, with the most flexible non-parametric specification, the coefficients of interest on the year × market structure interactions are negative in 2006, 2007 and 2008.
Similarly, when groups of covariates were dropped from the model specification, the coefficient of the opt-out variable remained consistently positive and statistically significant.
In a first differenced specification the coefficient on the lag is biased and so we need to instrument it which we do using the 2002 crime rate.
In all of the specifications, the coefficients of the GARCH components (i.e., α and β) are positive and statistically significant at the 1% level.
Estimating the specification, the coefficient of the multiplicative term carries the expected positive sign indicating that poaching could be less important in connection with specific training than in connection with transferable training.
The point estimate of the specification (4) coefficient implies that black immigration, which increased proportion of the Northern labor force comprised of Southern blacks to 3.6%% by 1950, decreased native blacks' wages by about 15%%.
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