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Specifically, when the outcomes were compared between patients treated within six hours after development of septic shock and those treated later, baseline characteristics including severity of illness were not different, but a better outcome was observed in patients receiving low-dose corticosteroid therapy within six hours.
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Specifically, when the outcome of interest is binary, the two-phase design provides a framework within which researchers can resolve ecological bias through the collection of patient-level data on a sub-sample of individuals while making use of the routinely collected aggregated data to obtain potentially substantial efficiency gains.
However, it is path-dependent: the order in which propositions are considered may affect the outcome, specifically when the underlying majority judgments are inconsistent.
Another is for standardizing research, specifically when evaluating outcomes in different cohorts of patients where proper case mix adjustment must be conducted to assure cohorts can be properly compared.
Despite published work on network meta-analysis mainly focussing on the synthesis of aggregate data, methods have been developed that allow the use of individual patient-level data specifically when outcomes are dichotomous or continuous.
Specifically, when outcomes are not certain but occur with known probabilities, people transform these probabilities into decision weights and in particular, they overestimate small probabilities and underestimate large probabilities [ 24].
The Index of Coexistent Disease ICEDD) is an index that specifically controls for comorbidity when the outcome is functional status [9, 30, 39].
Background context: There is a lack of research evaluating multiple follow-up visits, specifically when using continuous outcome measures.
This relationship also held true when specifically examining the outcomes of women with prolonged pregnancy (overall rates of induction needing caesarean section for was 28.4% for obese women compared with 18.9% for normal weight women).
Mention the gift specifically when writing the note.
But when the outcome was clear, so was my duty.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com