Another study conducted earlier this year by Lisa A. Neff and Andrew L. Geers reached a similar conclusion: newlyweds who exhibited higher levels of relationship-specific optimism "experienced steeper declines in marital well-being over time".
It includes six items tapping trait (underlying, rather than situation-specific) optimism and includes three positively and three negatively worded items.
For example, high levels of treatment-specific optimism have been associated with less depression at both the beginning and end of treatment for metastatic melanoma (Cohen et al, 2001).
In fact, in response to a question about whether the outlook is improving on specific issues, optimism was lowest on employment and economic issues -- under 50percentt.
A specific cause for optimism involved economic policy, in the view of former American administrator in Iraq, L. Paul Bremer III, who left Baghdad on Monday.
Even with the difficult nature of her new record, she sees all of her work as carrying a specific element of optimism.
Less is known about the link between a specific dimension of optimism, that is, confidence in the future and health-related behaviour.
To the best of our knowledge, data on a specific dimension of optimism, that is, confidence in the future, as well as information on the extent to which socioeconomic factors and psychological distress explain the association, are lacking.
At the same time, "To Be Loved" is bookended by full-dress arrangements of "You Make Me Feel So Young" and "Young at Heart" — both inextricably linked to Sinatra, and to a specific brand of wistful optimism, one that values youth as a flexible commodity.
A vague longing for positivity and optimism; nothing specific or terrifying, because this was the deepest that people in gingham shirts can engage with social problems.
At this stage, the proposed instrument consisted of 56 items: demographics (4 items); perceived risk (8 items); life events and family history of the disease (8 items); perceived impact of carrying a mutation (9 items); family communication (6 items); disease-specific concerns (5 items); optimism (3 items); social support (3 items), premorbid functioning and previous psychiatric history (10 items).
