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But were there specific infringements of the parliamentary rulebook?
"The burden of showing that YouTube knew or was aware of the specific infringements of the works in the suit cannot be shifted to YouTube to disprove," Judge Stanton said.
Rather, the companies that distribute Grokster and Morpheus software -- Grokster Ltd. and StreamCast Networks Inc. -- had to have known about specific infringements in time to stop them.
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Similarly, the government's case that Megaupload employees had actual knowledge of specific infringement cases is supported by looking at certain site features and internal communications.
One is the over-arching term for the general issue and another common use for the term is the specific infringement of intellectual property rights regarding trademarks and patents (FDA, 2004, OECD, 2007a).
If Allen were suing just Facebook, or just Google, for this or that specific infringement, one might be able to look at the patents' claims and say "yes, it seems that Google really did replicate this invention rather than creating something new".
Despite upholding the earlier injunction, a lower court will produce a modified injunction that will hold Napster liable for copyright protection, but only to the extent that Napster is aware of specific copyright infringement.
Bring any infringements up with them.
In Viacom, the Court of Appeals clarified that disqualifying knowledge must be of "specific and identifiable infringements," and that "mere knowledge" of the presence of infringing materials on the site is not enough to disqualify a provider from DMCA safe harbor.
In Google's interpretation of the law, these phrases actually describe "knowledge of specific and identifiable infringements of particular individual items.
Likewise, it was reported that neurons briefly exposed in vitro to powerful THz radiation (over 30 mW/cm2), at a specific frequency, develop infringements on the morphology of the cellular membranes and intracellular structures [7].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com