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One is the over-arching term for the general issue and another common use for the term is the specific infringement of intellectual property rights regarding trademarks and patents (FDA, 2004, OECD, 2007a).
If Allen were suing just Facebook, or just Google, for this or that specific infringement, one might be able to look at the patents' claims and say "yes, it seems that Google really did replicate this invention rather than creating something new".
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But were there specific infringements of the parliamentary rulebook?
"The burden of showing that YouTube knew or was aware of the specific infringements of the works in the suit cannot be shifted to YouTube to disprove," Judge Stanton said.
The DMCA requires plaintiffs to show that the service provider failed to act on knowledge of specific infringing material and puts responsibility for policing online infringement [primarily] on copyright owners.
Despite upholding the earlier injunction, a lower court will produce a modified injunction that will hold Napster liable for copyright protection, but only to the extent that Napster is aware of specific copyright infringement.
But the judge made a distinction between a "general" awareness and a "specific" awareness of an infringement, and said YouTube had responded to any specific violation by taking the material down.The Department for Transport in Britain launched a sale of the rights to operate the high-speed rail line that connects London to the Channel Tunnel.
The district court also concluded that the law does not require knowledge of "specific acts of infringement" and rejected Napster's contention that because the company cannot distinguish infringing from noninfringing files, it does not "know" of the direct infringement...
While Nokia states that forty vendors have licensed its patents in these areas there is no mention of the specific instances of infringement and, given that GSM, UMTS, and WiFi are the defacto standards for GSM-based phones across the board it's hard to tell what Nokia's real problem is here.
In Google's interpretation of the law, these phrases actually describe "knowledge of specific and identifiable infringements of particular individual items.
Likewise, it was reported that neurons briefly exposed in vitro to powerful THz radiation (over 30 mW/cm2), at a specific frequency, develop infringements on the morphology of the cellular membranes and intracellular structures [7].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com