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The analysis revealed that many VvWRKY genes can be grouped together based on their abundant expression in specific grapevine tissues, possibly reflecting their involvement in a common metabolic and/or developmental process.
Thus, microsatellites are not helpful neither for the detection of clones for a specific grapevine cultivar nor, as has been shown in our study, for the detection of somaclonal variation in V. vinifera.
Four putative orthologs fell into segments assigned to known chromosomes but with unknown positions and 13 orthologs were found in contigs unallocated to specific grapevine chromosomes (Additional file 3: Table S2).
Although elucidating the exact roles of these VviMAPKKK genes in pathogen interactions requires further functional analysis, our findings provide the first gene-family-wide survey on the expression patterns of specific grapevine MAPKKK in pathological conditions, and these highly up- and down-regulated genes can be candidate genes for future investigations.
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The primer pair F3, specific for grapevine flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, detected 1.75 gene copies per haploid genome equivalent.
Furthermore, MrRUN1-mediated PCD in Arabidopsis was only induced in response to penetration by E. necator and not observed with E. cichoracearum demonstrating the response is specific to grapevine PM.
Real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan®) assays were developed for the specific detection of Grapevine Leafroll associated viruses 1 5 and 9 (GLRaV-1 5 GLRaV-1 5
This confirms a recent grapevine specific amplification of PIF elements.
Each identified cluster was analysed on Babelomics suite to search for significant functional enrichment following a grapevine specific functional classification of 12× V1 predicted transcripts [ 82].
UV-DE transcripts from each cluster as well as density up- and down-regulated transcripts were analysed on Babelomics suite [ 51] to search for significant functional enrichment following a grapevine specific functional classification of 12X V1 predicted transcripts [ 52].
Peronospora parasitica resistance genes (RPP) must be expressed at optimal levels to function against downy mildew in Arabidopsis[ 61], and specific profiles of grapevine RPP genes suggest fine tuning during T39-induced resistance.
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