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Confirmation of a case report requires assessment of the kind, intensity, and duration of the specific exposure on the one hand.
Hazardous waste sites also typically contain many different chemicals, with different routes of exposures or contaminated media, so the effect of a specific exposure on the health outcome being investigated is difficult to determine.
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The first is to study the impact of specific exposures on brain development.
In addition, asking subjects about specific exposures on questionnaires assumes that the subject will recognize both the exposure agents and their own exposure.
The data is useful as reference when evaluating the effect of specific exposures on reproductive outcomes where an internal comparison group cannot be studied.
Officials from the California Birth Defects Monitoring Program also point to the difficulty of extrapolating from animal data to human health effects, our lack of knowledge about the role of genetic factors in birth defects, and the lack of data on both exposures during pregnancy and the effects of specific exposures on the fetus.
Descriptive and ecologic studies provide no information on specific exposures of study subjects; rather, they use population levels as surrogates for individual exposure.
Most birth defects research to date has been conducted retrospectively, relying on recall of study participants of events often occurring many years earlier, and lacking data on actual specific exposures of participants.
When necessary in stratified analyses, we used unconditional logistic regression in order to prevent the loss of data for case-control groups that were concordant on the specific exposures of interest.
Encountering environments and stimuli previously associated with drug use is one of the most common triggers for relapse in humans [ 7, 8], and the CPP paradigm specifically addresses the effects of context-specific exposures on drug reward and drug-seeking behaviors in animal models [ 9].
It consisted of interviews of household members with a standardized 39-question questionnaire on demographic information and data on specific exposures to animals and the environment during the last 12 months; a 5-mL venous blood specimen was also collected from participants.
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