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In other species, worker ants feed the larvae, which regurgitate part of the digested food back to the workers.
In contrast to the other ant species, worker policing in the ant Formica fusca appears to incorporate nestmate recognition in addition to the queen hydrocarbons.
Prior to pooling venoms from different nests to form reference venoms for each species, worker ants from each nest were identified by an entomologist (Dr R W Taylor) and SDS-PAGE was performed to confirm identical band patterns.
Among asexual ant species, worker thelytoky (type B thelytoky) occurs in four distantly related ant species, the cerapachyine ant Cerapachys biroi [38] [40], the two myrmicine ants Messor capitatus [41] and Pristomyrmex punctatus [42] [48], and the ponerine ant Platythyrea punctata [49] [52].
In large colonies of this species, worker reproduction is policed by the destruction of worker-laid eggs.
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We examined the similarity among bumble bee species (workers only), in terms of the plant species they visited, by calculating percent similarity [82] from the numbers of individuals of each bee species collected from each plant species at a site.
In Oecophylla, an ant genus comprising two territorially dominant arboreal species, workers are known to (1) use anal spots to mark their territories, (2) drag their gaster along the substrate to deposit short-range recruitment trails, and (3) drag the extruded rectal gland along the substrate to deposit the trails used in long-range recruitment.
In other ant species, workers discriminate against eggs originating from non-nestmates [ 67].
In most species, workers retain functional ovaries and are capable of laying viable, male-destined eggs.
In many species, workers will lay male eggs when the colony has lost its queen [ 47, 48].
All opponents (i.e., non-nestmate conspecifics, related species workers or slave-making workers) were frozen one day before the experiment and stored at −20 °C.
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