Unlike other species which activate their crystallin promoters with Pax6 (see Fig. 5), jellyfish lack Pax6 and have, instead, PaxB (Kozmik 2005).
R2R3 MYB transcription factors are one of the largest transcription factor families in plants [ 41, 44], and specific R2R3 genes have been identified in a number of species which activate phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes [ 13, 29, 41, 50, 54, 56, 60, 61].
Surfactin generates the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate the mediator of survival and JNK and ERK1/2, which are the key regulators in apoptosis.
More explicitly, in vitro studies suggest the pathogenic actions of IS and PCS stem from the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which activate the NF-kB pathway, resulting in both oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokine production [ 61, 62].
These deleterious effects of aldosterone on kidney function appear to be due in part to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 114], which activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway in renal cortical tissues, triggering renal injury [ 114].
Moreover, oxidative stress leads to increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) which activates IKKs that phosphorylate IκBα for proteasomal degradation [14].
Indoxyl sulfate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) which activates nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and p53 [ 9- 11].
Bleomycin induces the release of reactive oxygen species, recruitment of inflammatory cells, which activate resident fibroblasts and stimulate ECM formation.
Human plaque homogenates contain platelet-activating collagenous structures and various LPA molecules which activate platelets, whereas the plaque lipid-rich core contains LPA species but lacks collagenous structures.
Hypoxemia, which is worsened by venous stasis, activates pathways ones that include hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and early-growth-response protein 1. Hypoxemia also results in the production of reactive oxygen species, which can activate these pathways, as well as nuclear factor-κB, which regulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1 transcription.
Recent studies also show that Wolbachia induces production of reactive-oxygen species which then activate the Toll-pathway to induce expression of antiviral effectors [ 203].
