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To determine if mitochondrial genes can be used to identify Ostreopsis species, we designed new primers sets then amplified and sequenced representative regions of the COI (cytochrome c oxydase 1) and cob (cytochrome b) genes.
To target toxic amyloid β oligomers in AD patients' brains and to convert them into non-toxic aggregation-incompetent species, we designed peptides consisting solely of d-enantiomeric amino acid residues.
Based on the homology between the previously cloned PR5 genes from other Prunus species, we designed the primers (5'-ATGGGTGTCTTCACATATGAGAG-3') and (5'-TTAGTTGTAGGCATCGGGGTG-3') to amplify target gene.
To identify the genes that underwent positive selection during the evolution of a species we designed the following approach.
To amplify the RanGAP2 gene from Solanum species we designed primers based on the Solanum RanGAP2 sequence originating from S. tuberosum cv Desiree [ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/AM411448].nih.gov/nuccore/AM411448]
To test the ability of Rnl2 to ligate these species, we designed four different 26 nt ligamers to loop out various lengths of a 307 nt transcript.
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In order to diagnose mating-types in Diaporthe and Phomopsis and evaluate their usefulness in teleomorph induction in vitro and biological species delimitation, we designed primers that amplify part of the MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-2-1 genes.
The length of this linker varies significantly between different species, so we designed a version lacking its least conserved section spanning residues 86 130 (∆86–130 Parkin; Fig 1A).
After sequencing and alignment of the corresponding portions of the 5S rRNAs of different fish species, we have designed the primer pairs necessary for PCR amplification on the DNA traits which most diverged and a primer pair on conserved regions.
To test the robustness of the HCl/MeOH procedure across temperature and time intervals and across different species, we ran designed experiments on four algal biomass samples (replete and deplete C. vulgaris, replete P. tricornutum, and replete Nannochloropsis sp).
For the species-specific qualitative PCR, we designed species-specific forward primers which contain seven non-homologous base pairs (listed in Figure 1B).
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