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Orthology, in contrast, depends on the speciation point and so is context-dependent; in particular, it is generally not transitive.
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Finally, we review unresolved questions in gene regulation as it pertains to speciation and point to areas that could benefit from future research.
Overall, our results demonstrated the dominant factor to regulate Pb speciation and pointed out the proper land-use in relieving Pb leaching risk around Pb-Zn mine.
The existence of unique GIs among the SBSEC species, whose acquisition must have been more recent (i.e. most probably after speciation), also points to the same direction.
At this point, speciation has not occurred: any fruit flies that got back to the mainland could mate and produce healthy offspring with the mainland flies.
Second, for mathematical convenience it models speciation as simple point mutation.
These observations indicate that sequence conservation among primate TNF promoters can reflect homoplasy or lineage sorting inconsistent with the species tree due to short intervals between subsequent speciation events, a point that is important to consider in the context of human TNF promoter SNP variant alleles, as will be discussed below.
This figure of 13 losses is an absolute minimum that implies that the loss occurred each time at the origin of the lineage, that is before any speciation beyond the point of coalescence.
Taken together, these findings add to accumulating evidence on the important role of chromosomal rearrangements in speciation and also point to the relevance of multiple sex chromosomes in species divergence and the formation of reproductive barriers.
Let us now consider the phenomenon of island speciation from the point of view developed in the previous paragraphs, i.e. that speciation occurs mostly as a consequence of natural selection, in other words in a context where it is advantageous for subgroups of individuals to stop breeding with the ancestral stock.
The observed concordance of the gene history with the species history implies that the gene transfer must have survived multiple speciation events and points to it being ancient.
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