Sentence examples for speciation against from inspiring English sources

Thus, the test may also be considered a test of the null model of allopatric speciation against the alternative model of parapatric (and sympatric) speciation.

Likelihood ratio tests (LRTs) are used to test the null model of no gene flow at speciation against these two alternative gene flow models.

The fact that in most systems cytoplasmic incompatibility is incomplete broadens therefore the conditions under which unidirectional CI selects for premating isolation and is, based on our analysis, rather an argument for a role of Wolbachia in host speciation than against it.

However, some models suggest that strong sexual selection may act against speciation [ 26].

The results of this study support this hypothesis but also suggest that high levels of effective gene flow may strongly act against speciation by erasing differences developing between populations.

This can be done using molecular clocks [ 84], ideally calibrated against known speciation events.

This may be interpreted as a test of the null model of speciation without gene flow against the alternative model of speciation with gene flow.

Closely related animal species (in particular vertebrates) often have allopatric distributions ("Jordan's Law"), and this observation has militated against sympatric speciation [ 10, 42, 71– 71].

In this paper, I implement a likelihood ratio test of variable species divergence times over the genome, which may be considered a test of the null model of allopatric speciation without gene flow against the alternative model of parapatric speciation with gene flow.

Ultimately social and sexual selection, as well as barriers against hybridization once speciation has commenced, are woven into the tapestry of speciation.

One major criticism against Wolbachia-induced speciation is that in most systems Wolbachia cannot totally prevent gene flow because both levels of cytoplasmic incompatibility and transmission rates are incomplete [49].