The central analytical concept is "interim modularity," defined as the modular architecture at trial-and-error development and/or prototyping phases, to effectively orchestrate the dispersion of specialized knowledge and know-how over a wide range of professionals inside and outside of corporations.
Such local, specialized skills and know-how cannot be readily transferred or obtained simply from reading scientific journal articles, yet this type of knowledge is crucial to success in scientific practice (Polanyi, 1966; Collins, 2007, 2010).
Some of these parameters, e.g., TS, VS, and the TVA/TIC ratio, can easily be determined directly on site, whereas others such as SCFA or analysis of nucleic acids require the equipment and know-how of a specialized laboratory.
Schwartz & Hornych, 2008 The survival of media firms depends on the availability of specialized equipment and facilities including knowledge and know-how.
However, the requirement for specialized microfabrication facilities, lack of robustness, and know-how required to operate the devices creates a barrier for their utilization in biomedical research laboratories that often do not have microdevice expertise.
So far as couture educates people about beauty and specialized hand crafts, a greater threat to its existence is the loss of know-how.
Building a consumer device is different from building very specialized hardware on what's likely a made-to-order basis, but at least the team has the know-how and experience to make its tech actually work.
Accumulate industry know-how.
