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They are all extraordinary floral diversified, and this heterogeneity has been related to the specialized interaction between the pollinators and orchid flowers (Cozzolino and Widmer 2005).
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Some of the most impressive examples of adaptation come from highly specialized interactions.
Complexes made up of identical subunits retain the least possibilities for refinement and specialization, while complexes made up entirely of distinct subunits hold the most possibilities for refinement and specialized interactions of each subunit.
Pollination mutualisms are iconic examples of highly specialized interactions [ 18- 20].
In its complexity, the willow-galler-parasite food web is representative of many antagonistic networks in which specialized interactions link species across multiple trophic levels.
Once precise data on interaction specificity are available for a single representative site, a large number of interesting follow-up questions emerge: Are bilaterally specialized interactions restricted to more distinct microhabitat patches?
Specialized interactions help structure communities, but persistence of specialized organisms is puzzling because a generalist can occupy more environments and partake in more beneficial interactions.
In addition, specialized PIP interaction sites have been identified, such as the pleckstrin homology (PH) domains, that function as a more specific PIP binding pocket.
The plant kingdom exhibits tremendous variation in their chemistry and roles, ranging from primary metabolism to secondary metabolism and specialized ecological interactions with the environment, and a majority of terpenoids, specially sesquiterpenes and monoterpene derivatives are released by plants in the form of volatile emissions.
We would also predict highly specialized, coevolved interactions to be good candidates for parallel speciation.
Although some existing target prediction approaches are much faster, they are specialized for interactions with a single binding site.
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