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The production system has changed from the mixed crop-animal farming to highly specialized crop production.
They are unique leaf-eating birds that have a specialized crop for foregut fermentation, analogous to cows and deer yet quite unlike any other bird.
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This article presents a method for participatory design and assessment of territorial crop-livestock systems and its application to a group of organic farmers specialized in crop or livestock production in southwestern France.
Our findings highlight that diversifying cropping systems by adopting different double crops are practical options that can contribute to a more sustainable intensification of cropping systems specialized for grain crops.
Table 5 Economic results of durum wheat cultivation in crops specialized farms VP durum wheat/VP crops Gross margin (€/hectares) North-western 11.3 % 746 North-eastern 10.8 % 787 Central 34.3 % 533 South 40.6 % 471 Insular 39.4 % 626 Source: authors' elaboration on Italian FADN Database, 2010.
If you plan to grow a crop which matures in the fall, for example, consider working with farmers who specialize in crops which mature in the summer.
As pathogen dispersal distance increases, a larger pathogen population can be maintained on the crop due to increased spillover from the wild host (Holt 1993) which accelerates the evolution and the emergence of pathogen genotypes specialized on the crop.
The lower attine ants rear non-specialized fungal symbionts that likely continue to exchange genes with free-living relatives at some low frequency [ 61], which may suggest that interaction specificity in the lower attine ants is as variable as in the higher attine ants, in spite of fundamental differences in symbiotic commitment between obligate and non-specialized crop symbionts.
Sample investigated in this paper was retrieved from the Italian Farm accounting data network (FADN) database.2 More in detail, economic and structural information regarding the farms belonging to three distinct types of farming (TF) specialized in arable crops were collected from the year 2008 to the year 2011 (Table 1).
"People either go into organic farming gradually or specialize in one crop while they figure out crop rotations," she said.
Even within arable fields, differences can be observed in niche position and breadth between weeds that are specialized to a particular crop type or to particular soil conditions, and weeds that are present almost everywhere [ 19, 20].
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