For example, disassortative mating for foraging specialization might allow pair-bonded individuals to reciprocally profit from each other's foraging specializations without having to learn the other's technique, forming a skill pool based on mutual producing and scrounging.
There are two kinds of production technology: first we have those without any economic specialization and without hierarchies; production technology may be inherited from ancestors and/or brought from non-indigenous but unspecialized economies.
We demonstrate that linkage can go to fixation and linkage of genes in a chromosome is enough for full specialization, even without controlled segregation.
There were civilizations such as the early Egypt without the wheel, but no societies without specialization.
Physicians without specialization assessed the relevance of "Maximum increase of life expectancy" (characteristic 1) higher than their colleagues with specialization.
Profile Wisconsin offers ten career specializations and allows students to take classes in their specialization right away, without the waiting period typical of many other programs.
Using a simplified multivariate model, including only significant subgroup effects in addition to main effects, three effects were found: Physicians without specialization assessed the relevance of "Maximum increase of life expectancy" (characteristic 1) higher than their colleagues with specialization.
Interestingly, task specialization also evolved without direct benefits of specialization when task-related thresholds branched for other reasons (strong selection in favor of a biased distribution of workers over tasks).
This pragmatic recruitment procedure has been adopted in other cluster-randomized controlled trials in German primary care settings (e.g. [ 27]) Inclusion criteria for practices were registration as a family physician without specialization and availability of a computer in the consulting room.
In the diagnostic work up stage, an excessive resort to diagnostic arthroscopy has given way to increasing use of MRI by radiologists without pediatric specialization.
