One biological theory for how task specialization evolved in nature posits that the building blocks for cooperation were adapted from existing behaviors.
Although reliant only on genomic data, specialization of a different nature can be seen in eIF4E-family members from the microsporidian, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and of the algal endosymbiont of the cryptophyte Guillardia theta.
Research on the role of plant physiology and leaf and stem anatomy and function in evolutionary success also emphasizes the adaptive nature of specialization (and implicitly reduced extinction; Gianoli 2004; Klak et al. 2004; Bakker et al. 2005; Donoghue 2005; Guzman et al. 2009; Givnish 2010).
In recent years, the nature of medical specialization in Saudi Arabia has undergone many changes.
We hypothesise that, contrary to claims of the uniquely primate nature of the specialization for face processing observed in humans (e.g. [42]), similar basic mechanisms could operate in different species due to the selective pressures shaping the early functions of the brain.
In agreement with other studies [ 23, 24], anticipated working conditions have a decisive influence on the choice of a specialization, closely followed by the nature of the clinical practice itself (close doctor-patient relationships, a wide spectrum of medical conditions to treat) [ 25].
Although numerous RNA species such as riboswitches [ 127, 128] and ribozymes have been resolved structurally by X-ray crystallography and NMR, due to the low-throughput nature and the specialization required for these methods, the number of structures is limited, and to date there are no crystal structures of sRNAs.
However, this paradox disappears when analyzing the nature of the species specialization in each situation.
These results suggest a homoplasic nature to the trophic specializations associated with Bramocharax ecomorphs, which seem to have arisen independently in different Astyanax lineages.
If cycling is the cause of genetic stability observed in nature and arboviruses lack host specialization, then sequential passage should result in both the accumulation of mutations and specialized viruses better suited for replication in that host.
