In order to test these hypotheses, we used the Biomic Specialization Index, which is based on the number of biomes occupied by each species, and evaluated the changes in the relative importance of generalist and specialist rodents in more than forty fossil sites from the Iberian Plio-Pleistocene.
To estimate plant species specialization, we used [ 34]'s specialization index 'theta', which is based on co-occurrence among species, rather than species traits or particular environmental conditions.
We tested several predictions about this hypothesis using the biomic specialization index (BSI) for each species, which is based on its geographical range within different climate-zones.
This is a modification of Devictor and Robert's [ 3] Community Specialization Index, but the index we use here is based on occupancy rather than abundance.
Self-selection is based on the task division of co-specialization, which is a process with low levels of centralization.
The theoretical case for free trade is based on Adam Smith's argument that the division of labour among countries leads to specialization, greater efficiency, and higher aggregate production.
It is based neither on a clear electoral mandate like ordinary MPs, nor on expertise or specialization (as in the case of NMPs).
The model is based on the concepts of enterprise innovation, emphasizing external collaboration and partnerships and can be operationalized via specialization, where some specific tasks are outsourced.
The second one is based on walking through the taxonomy tree from the top towards the bottom, known as the top-down specialization (TDS) [3].
This index is derived from the Shannon diversity of network links and is based on the deviation of a species' realized number of interactions and that expected from each species' total number of interactions (0 = no specialization, 1 = complete specialization).
