To identify specialization effects in interactions, however, a suitable network metric should be independent of variation in total species diversity and abundance.
Krugman's introduction is a valuable guide to research that has delved anew into the causes of international trade and reopened basic questions about the international pattern of specialization, the effects of protectionism, and what constitutes an optimal trade policy.
Salient insights are identified, spanning topics such as hippocampal efferent and afferent networks, input and processing streams, hemispheric specialization, dysfunctional effects of pathologic and surgical injury, optimization of functional magnetic resonance imaging design and neuropsychological tests, and rehabilitation strategies.
He defended the rights of labor and deplored the withering effects of specialization on the individual worker.
Improvement in robustness by increasing efficiencies through cellular redundancies in larger organisms alleviates some of the damaging effects of cellular specialization, which can be expressed in allometric relationships.
Gall-inducing insects thus provide a good study system to examine the effects of ecological specialization on evolutionary diversification rates.
The profound effects of habitat specialization within the H-D Mountains and QTP regions on morphology is supported by evidence of convergent evolution among sympatric, distantly related Lilium-Nomocharis species.
In more recent years, discussions about the types, causes and effects of floral specialization and pollination syndromes have come to the fore.
However, the reduction in population size that typically accompanies specialization increases the effect of genetic drift, which is now able to fix more of the deleterious transpositions into the population.
Just as the eye — an organ of breathtaking complexity and specialization — evolved incrementally through the combined effects of random mutations and natural selection over millions of years, so, too, Pinker and Bloom insisted, did language.
