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However, CA-IX expression in special subtypes of cervical lesions, such as LEGH and GA/MDA, has not been reported.
The recognition of special subtypes is relevant as distinct morphologies often correlate with distinct clinical outcomes [2].
In our experience, recognising ataxic diplegia and dysequilibrium syndrome as special subtypes within the SC ataxia group is helpful in the clinical setting [ 17, 31].
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has recently updated its breast cancer classification, separating invasive breast carcinoma into two broad categories: invasive carcinoma of no special type (formerly known as invasive ductal carcinoma) and special subtypes (Table 2).
The DCIS was classified as high grade in 396 cases (58.5%), intermediate grade in 64 cases (9.5%), low grade in 209 cases (30.9%) and as other, special subtypes (e.g., papillary, spindle cell) in 8 cases (1.2%).
We have specifically chosen a cohort of cases diagnosed historically as grade III ductal carcinomas, not including any special subtypes such as metaplastic breast carcinoma or medullary carcinoma, because this is the group of tumours in which the majority of basal cases seem to arise [ 5].
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Since the identification of the HER2 receptor amplification as an adverse prognostic factor that defined a special subtype of metastatic breast cancer, there has been a substantial improvement in survival of patients affected with this disease due to the development of anti-HER2 targeted therapies.
The third example is a stage 4S tumor, which represents a special subtype of neuroblastoma with favorable prognosis [34].
GS gastric cancers, another special subtype, are enriched for the diffuse histological variant.
The tumor cells have morphological characteristics resembling tanycytes, a special subtype of ependymal cells.
Clear-cell carcinoma represents a special subtype of ovarian cancer with known bad prognosis and resistance to platinum chemotherapy (Sugiyama et al, 2000).
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