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For the English speakers, response bias is not informative, as all of the responses were relatively unbiased.
It is possible that age-biased distribution of these variables may have introduced variability that contributed to the observed results, if in fact these variables could be shown to have a significant impact on the present speakers response to BT. Analyses were conducted to examine the influence of these potential confounds in the present data set.
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*Dronjic and Helms-Park (2014) further found that native English speakers' responses to syntagmatic association were particularly heterogeneous.
*Dronjic and Helms-Park (2014) found from native English speakers' responses to *Qian and Schedl's (2004) DVK that scoring methods moderated how association relationships (paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic) and administration condition (constrained vs. unconstrained) affected learners' test performance.
In addition, we would add that the reference to native speaker norms and accuracy rate should also consider the age and conceptual development of L2 learners – if the learners are young children, such as in the case of *Schoonen and Verhallen (2008), it would seem questionable to use mature adult native speakers' responses to determine the accuracy rate for item inclusion or exclusion.
Based on native speakers' responses to *Qian and Schedl's (2004) DVK developed for university English L2 learners, *Dronjic and Helms-Park (2014) found that only about 60 and 40.3% of the 40 items were correctly answered by more than 90% of the participants in the constrained and unconstrained condition, respectively.
Although we included items to determine dialect status of English speakers, the response patterns were not clear, suggesting that revision of the question and its response choices might bear improving.
In fact, their impact is already being felt — RSA has added a number of female and POC keynote speakers in response to the controversy.
Variability across speakers in response to physical task stress is a theme across these studies, where, as cited above, Koblick [15], Godin and Hansen [14], Baker et al. [3], and Godin et al. [22] observed parameter shifts for a majority but not all speakers.
Before that, South Korea briefly switched on its speakers in response to landmine explosions that maimed two soldiers, which it blamed on North Korea, according to AP.
In-house developed software was used to flatten the speakers' acoustic response during production of limited and wide band noise (WBN) stimuli.
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