The agreed translation produced by this meeting was sent for back-translation to a native English speaker who spoke Chichewa fluently as a second language.
A native Mandarin-Min bilingual experimenter, who was not one of the authors, checked with each of the speakers to ensure they could fluently and correctly read out the paragraph before the actual recording began.
Then there was a back-translation into English made by two English native speakers who also spoke Danish fluently.
Open English, as its name might suggest, is an online learning platform that helps non-English speakers learn the language and speak fluently.
The experimenter, who was not one of the authors but was a native Mandarin-Min bilingual, checked with each of the speakers to make sure they could fluently and correctly read out the paragraph before the actual recording began.
They were constantly aware of their inability to speak as fluently as a native speaker: But you can also sense it when someone [says] something fluidly in a language.
We care about the small people". In typical fashion, the media pounced on Svanberg's use of the word "small," even though they fully well knew the speaker was Swedish and that, while he spoke English fluently, it was not his native language.
Mr Wright, 43, said: "Learners will be able to recognise fellow speakers". It is thought that several hundred people speak Cornish reasonably fluently and a few thousand have some knowledge of it.
Since Min is more commonly a spoken than a written language for most speakers, only highly frequent words were selected to ensure that participants could fluently read aloud the paragraph without much difficulty and awkwardness.
According to a poll conducted by the United Daily News Poll Center 聯合報系民意調查中心 (2002), Min proficiency is positively correlated with speaker age.8 For speakers below age 30, only 43% of them are able to speak Min fluently, compared to 74% for those over age 40.
