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Discover LudwigExact(8)
The speaker refers to a reference time preceding speech time which serves as the point of reference for the projected future situation time.
Soon after, Christine Quinn, the City Council Speaker, refers to pigeons as "flying rats".
Essentially, metonymy occurs when a speaker refers to an object, person, or institution by something that is, and typically has been, closely associated with it.
By contrast, if the speaker refers to "Pedro's sister" there is more to go on, and accommodation becomes feasible.
Kent Bach (1992a, 1992b) claims that the object to which a speaker refers with a demonstrative is fixed by certain of the speaker's communicative intentions.
While there may be a certain boy that a speaker refers to in saying 'The boy sang', that boy is not a constituent of the quantificational proposition expressed with '!x:Boy(x)[Sang(x)]'; see Neale (1990) for discussion.
Similar(52)
Speaker after speaker referred to a restoration of life.
One speaker referred to Berle as "a great human being".
One speaker referred to them as "airbrush designers".
Another speaker referred to "those of us stupid enough not to bail out" of Interpublic stock.
On Monday the Parliament speaker referred to Mr. Ahmadinejad as "his dear brother" and sought to present the dispute as not personal.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com