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Fig. 16 Individual speaker differences in mean NAQ for both neutral and physical task stress.
However, these plots do in fact mask the underlying speaker differences.
First, we demonstrate that the perceptual warp is actually meant to remove some of the existing speaker differences.
A proven method for achieving effective automatic speech recognition (ASR) due to speaker differences is to perform acoustic feature speaker normalization.
In VTLN, we need to perform warping on the spectrum twice, to accommodate perceptual considerations and to normalize for speaker differences.
In order to reduce the speaker differences, a best BLT warp factor, is specifically estimated for each speaker, which in some sense, integrates perceptual BLT warp and speaker normalization BLT warp into a single speaker-dependent BLT warp factor.
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Changes in duration may be related to the breathing strategies discussed above, and the inter-speaker differences here suggest that different speakers employ different strategies.
Then, when processing the previously unseen data, components of inter-speaker differences attributable to speaker/to channel are emphasized/canceled, respectively.
Having annotated a large quantity of breaths and filled pauses "yyy" for every speaker (with the latter not appearing only for 2 out of 30 speakers in our corpus), we decided to analyze inter-speaker differences.
If the realization of /dz/ in Min is more like the Hungarian vowel change, then one would expect to find large intra-speaker variability, in addition to inter-speaker differences.
However, the usage of different types of pauses for signalization of punctuation is strongly individualized between speakers, as presented in Tab. 4. To facilitate the observation of inter-speaker differences, the intensity of connection between pauses and punctuation was graded with grayscale.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com