All the descriptors in the scale including listening, speaking, reading, writing, translation, interpretation, and linguistic knowledge (grammar and pragmatics) are put together and about 50 questionnaires are designed.
The China Standards of English include eight language ability components which are currently in practice in the Chinese context of teaching, learning and assessment, namely listening, speaking, reading, writing, translation, interpretation, grammar and pragmatics.
More than 5000 descriptors covering listening, speaking, reading, writing, translation, interpretation, grammar and pragmatics were then arranged into more than 200 questionnaires to collect feedbacks on the quality of the descriptors, including explicitness and clarity of wording, completeness of structure, and appropriateness of classification.
To achieve this aim, the project team has been constructing scales of English language proficiency, which consist of categorized and calibrated descriptors of each aspect of the construct (i.e., listening, speaking, reading, writing, translation, interpretation, organizational knowledge, pragmatic knowledge) (National Education Examinations Authority 2014).
The construct was operationalized in the CSE using can-do statements about learners' knowledge of English and their use of strategies when performing six major types of communication activities, i.e., listening, speaking, reading, writing, translation, and interpretation.
We wanted sun, water and cocktails and a chance to speak without interpretation!
Some frameworks that have been proposed are weighted abduction, constraint solving, and "loose-speak" interpretation.
Loose-speak interpretation (Fan et al. 2009, cited previously in connection with nominal compound interpretation) sets aside syntactic ambiguity but tries to deal with pervasive semantic looseness in the meanings of nominal compounds, metonymy, and other linguistic devices.
Good collaboration [is needed] between clinical midwives, physician assistants and gynaecologists when speaking of interpretation of the CTG [cardiotocograph].
(Obstetrician, NL) Good collaboration [is needed] between clinical midwives, physician assistants and gynaecologists when speaking of interpretation of the CTG [cardiotocograph].
This permitted identification of electronic structure changes originating from chemical (initial-state) variations.[ 9] Strictly speaking, NEXAFS interpretation should also include the influence of relaxation effects due to the presence of the core hole, which were expected to affect the final state of the observed electronic transitions.
