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The postovulatory follicles' method or POFs method was introduced by Hunter and Goldberg in the start of the 80s and still remains the most popular method for estimating population spawning frequency in wild populations of multiple spawners.
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Therefore, our experiment prevented early-maturing fish from benefiting from the increase in spawning frequency, which is a key fitness benefit associated with early maturation when adults face a high risk of mortality (Poos et al. 2011).
Spawning frequency varied between reach and channel types, with pools in both restored and un-manipulated reaches used more frequently than runs.
Most research in oysters has been devoted to understanding their widespread ecological impacts, nutrient processing, nutrition, larval settlement, and environmental factors that modulate spawning frequency and distribution.
Chemical compositions of scales [33] [34] and otoliths [20], [35] have been used to detect spawning frequency and identify individuals that spend variable amounts of time in marine habitats prior to migration into fresh water.
Lipid content was also significantly lower in low ration females, however, the relative quality in terms of lipid and fatty acid constituents was maintained regardless of treatment and spawning frequency.
To examine how PBDE-47 affected spawning frequency, we used an analysis of covariance model with treatment, baseline spawning frequency as a covariate, and treatment × baseline spawning frequency as factors.
Similar trends have been reported in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (O'Malley et al. 2013) and cyprinids (Krabbenhoft 2012) with longer PolyQ alleles found at a higher frequency in earlier spawning individuals.
Spawning occurs in spring or summer.
Spawning occurs in shallow, muddy lagoons.
Increased spawning output in warmer water is one possibility.
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