A four-stage test of the spatial relocation effects of covariate adjustment was performed.
Dispersed urban expansion mainly reflects the spatial relocation of economic activities with high returns on capital to cheaper land.
De-agrarianisation represents long-term processes of occupational adjustment, income-earning reorientation, social identification and the spatial relocation of rural dwellers away from strictly agricultural modes of livelihood.
It is important that the nature of any spatial relocation be well understood as a relocation to areas of increased risk may also introduce additional localised factors that influence the exposure response relationship.
If such rapid changes take place, the spatial relocation of coastal compartments would likely exceed the migration speed of most ecosystems, and the loss of vital ecosystems already taking place due to anthropogenic actions would dramatically increase.
These different weathering conditions can arise in two ways, either from the effects of long-term climate change acting on debris that remains relatively static within the landscape or through the spatial relocation of debris from high to low altitude.
Fig. 2 Spatial relocation of TNCs from China: an evolutionary framework.
To summarize, the spatial relocation of TNCs from coastal China to the neighbouring Southeast Asian countries and restructuring their production networks have three major targets.
Recently, the forcibly resettled-Bedouin of Israel's Negev Desert have experienced profound socio-economic transition and change in addition to spatial relocation.
Since 2000, especially in the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis, there has witnessed the spatial relocation of labour-intensive manufacturing firms from the coastal China to Southeast Asia.
