Building on its high spatial resolution, deep penetration depth and excellent image contrast, 3D photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) has grown tremendously since its first publication in 2005.
The spatial resolution and penetration depth of X-rays and focused acoustic beams with reference to residual stress measurements are discussed.
Optical fluorescence is widely used for molecular imaging given its low expense and high sensitivity, however, it also has several drawbacks, such as low spatial resolution, limited penetration, photobleaching, and autofluorescent emission from tissues and biomolecules.
Modern biomedical imaging has revolutionized life science by providing anatomical, functional, and molecular information of biological species with high spatial resolution, deep penetration, enhanced temporal responsiveness, and improved chemical specificity.
While in vivo tumors offer the most clinically relevant tool for determining the spatial distribution and penetration of GNPs, the complex biological factors prevent a focused analysis of the individual components that contribute to the transport of GNPs and other agents [19, 20, 21].
For sufficient penetration, spatial resolution of ultrasound imaging is wavelength-limited [ 3] to about 100 μm.
Multispectral imaging provides excellent surface detail of both iron- and carbon-based inks with high spatial resolution, but limited penetration.
By converting laser into ultrasound emission, PAI combines rich optical contrast, high ultrasonic spatial resolution, and deep penetration depth in a single modality.
Importantly, the ICG-EPI NPs showed excellent tumor targeting ability with high spatial resolution and deep penetration via in vivo NIRF/PA dual-modal imaging.
