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A comparison between solutions, one without and three with differently weighted spatial objectives, showed that the network of selected stands was more clustered with than without spatial objectives.
The use of the spatial objectives increased costs and the area slightly, and the non-spatial objectives were met almost equally in all solutions.
Despite their importance, questions remain regarding the assessment of silvicultural treatments designed to meet spatial objectives.
This article reviews an array of forest planning approaches where spatial objectives are taken into account in optimization.
Although optimization can become very complicated, it is technically possible to include spatial objectives in planning where several private forest owners are involved simultaneously.
Several non-spatial and spatial objectives for quality, area, and spatial distribution of forests were defined in cooperation with forest managers.
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In the application of the approach the landscape-level spatial objective was to cluster old forest stands (age⩾80) and simultaneously maintain a predefined cutting volume.
Overall the proposed SORT (Spatial Objective Relational Transformation) approach appears very promising for inferring the necessarily approximate categorical relationships used in the CoCoMac system.
Results demonstrate that multiple model runs can give forest planners insight regarding tradeoffs between spatial management objectives and other management objectives for areas as large as a national forest.
Findings are that tradeoffs exist between PES schemes for meeting spatial conservation objectives.
Deforestation and forest fragmentation are increasingly recognized as the underlying drivers of global biodiversity loss, hence forestry management will need to explicitly incorporate spatial ecology objectives.
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