At each mining site spatial coordinates (longitude, latitude, and altitude) were recorded using a GPS (Garmin etrex vista).
Here, we use 10 years of data from a tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) long-term study to investigate the role of multiple spatial (latitude, longitude and elevation) and environmental (spring temperature, rainfall and breeder density) determinants of laying date.
FIGURE 8. Examples of spatial (latitude and longitude) and elevational shifts from breeding to molting locations for selected species.
In situ measurements consisted of spatial scans versus longitude in the bottomside of the equatorial F layer; TEC measurements, using ground-based radio receivers could be interpreted in terms of altitude-modulated isodensity contours in the bottomside F layer.
We also tested whether the tree growth associated with global climate change differed with spatial environment (latitude, longitude and elevation).
The vessel type predictor was correlated with spatial predictors (latitude, longitude, or STF), supporting the hypothesis that vessel type might be aliasing for a spatial effect.
We included spatial variables (the longitude and latitude of each square's centroid point) in the models to reveal geographical trends in species distribution associated with historical events or species population dynamics [29].he importance of the topoclimatic factor in explaining species distribution and abundance at large spatial scales is well known [37], [38].
The spatial variables, latitude, longitude, and elevation (hereafter referred to as clinal variables) were covariates.
All address details for study respondents, diagnosing and treating doctors and treatment facilities are geo-coded using commercial software designed to clean and convert street address information into spatial (latitude and longitude) coordinates.
Monthly climatic data were obtained from worldwide climate maps generated by the interpolation of data from ground-based meteorologic stations with a monthly temporal resolution and 0.5° (latitude) by 0.5° (longitude) spatial resolution (Mitchell and Jones 2005).
