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In addition, the literature discloses Global Systems of Innovation (Archibugi and Iammarino 1999), Continental Innovation Systems (Freeman 2002), Metropolitan Innovation Systems Fisherr et al. 2001) and Spatial Innovation Systems (Oinas and Malecki 2002).
In this context, not only local capacity is relevant in determining domestic innovation, but also spatial innovation spillovers, which result mainly from efforts in both higher education and public administration.
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As knowledge is subjected to spatial decay, innovation of a region is enhanced when location in neighboring regions encourages the formation of regional knowledge and information flows.
The paper notes the differences – in organisation, spatial dynamics, innovation outcomes, and knowledge processes – between four modes: craft or task-based knowing; epistemic or high creativity knowing; professional knowing; and virtual knowing.
Sensible, spatial design?
This paper analyses the spatial patterns of innovation, its regional interdependencies and evolution, as well as its role in determining local innovation in Spanish regions.
Significant improvements in education, workforce training, research and innovation, spatial planning and wider infrastructure investment are also needed.
However, there is a spatial dimension to innovation.
Results indicate the suitability of a trade-based regional proximity when considering spatial spillovers in innovation.
Further, all these loan price effects differ on precise spatial economic and innovation attributes.
Potential global leaders could then emerge in certain areas, thus implying a spatial concentration of innovation processes and of volumes (economies of scale).
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