Escobar's legacy, in planning terms, was this transformation of the spatial divide between formal and informal territories, between rich and poor, into a violent opposition of territories.
Old neighbourhoods are being demolished, their inhabitants scattered into far-flung gated communities, commuting times are lengthening, car-dependence is growing and the spatial divide between rich and poor is widening.
This finding is in keeping with previous findings of a reported increase in FFA activity for fearful unattended faces versus neutral unattended faces (Vuilleumier et al. 2001; Vuilleumier 2005) in a spatial divided attention task.
It shows the limitations of distance and target hardening as deterrents, their potential impact on deepening the city's socio-spatial divide, and their negative implications for the quality of the urban environment.
The temporal distance (TD) of a path between two nodes is calculated by spatial distance divided by the tangent component of flow velocity along the path, and the STD is searched using the Dijkstra algorithm in all possible paths between two nodes.
The temporal variation is assumed to be slow enough compared to the spatial variation divided by the CHAMP velocity, so that the temporal changes can be ignorable.
We first handle the case of spatial variation, dividing the data set into two subsets, namely, the western and the eastern subsets.
The author defines her methodology as "spatial ethnography," dividing it into three different segments that build on Henri Lefebvre's influential conceptual triad of space: the autonomous and concerted production of mental place images (conceived), the physical image construction (perceived), and the social image construction (lived).
The smoothed incidence was computed from the total number of cases in a spatial "window" divided by the total number of people at risk within the "window", which was specified using a spatial weights file including both county and its neighbor counties' locations.
The authors take nine compounds in Dongsisantiao Hutong as the object of study, and divide spatial landscape transformation process into four stages after detailed surveys.
This processor executes spatial partitioning to divide the list of objects into appropriately sized cells for microarchitecture processing.
