Sentence examples for spatial confounding from inspiring English sources

However, so far, few studies have paid much attention to the potential spatial confounding.

Generalized additive models were used to examine the relationship between pollutants and measured BP at study entry, adjusting for cardiovascular disease risk factors and including thin plate splines for potential spatial confounding.

In addition to spatial confounding (i.e., by factors spatially correlated with exposure), which may also exist in other environmental studies, reproductive studies can be affected by temporal confounding due to risk factors that vary seasonally with exposure.

Empirical studies with stronger validated and spatially-informed measures of social stressor exposures are needed to better understand spatial confounding and joint effects between chemical and non-chemical stressors.

TPRS are a flexible way of adjusting for spatial confounding.

Thus, spatial confounding was partially masking differences in the crude analysis.

By differentially cueing either ocular or manual response systems, rather than spatially lateralised responses within just one of these systems, potential spatial confounds were removed.

Since additional spatial information can distinctly improve backward recall [45], in our study the words were presented successively in the middle of the computer screen to prevent any spatial confound.

Although applicable to combined social and physical exposures, these theories have not addressed methodologic issues (e.g., spatial correlation, confounding, measurement bias) or interpretation challenges arising in combining theory, methods, and data across disciplines.

Our main analysis model (Main) therefore included age, sex, education, BMI, LDL-C, HDL-C, smoking status, pack-years of smoking, ETS, physical activity, indicator variables for summer and fall (winter and spring served as reference), humidity, plus city, which was included to capture spatial (unmeasured) confounding.

As sampling at the 36 sites was evenly allocated across six Monday-through-Friday sampling sessions (six sites sampled per session), we sought to balance source indicator strata and spatial distribution across sessions to avoid confounding spatial and temporal patterns in pollution concentrations.