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No significant increase in spark rate or strip loss rate was detected and the chambers operated stably.
It is designed so as to be radiation-proof and to lower spark rate comparing with the present separators.
The spark rate of the detectors was very low and decreased with time to an average of one spark per chamber per day.
Ca2+ spark rate was lower in hESC-CMs than in hFVMs presumably because SR Ca2+ load was higher in hESC-CMs than in hFVMs these cells [38].
Interestingly, however, the Ca2+ spark rate (defined as the number of Ca2+ sparks per sec per cell) was nearly four-fold higher in hFVMs (n = 7) than in hESC-CMs (n = 10; p<0.010.
A raise of junctional [Ca2+]i above nanomolar concentrations increases the spark rate 10 to 10 fold.
Therefore, the ICa influx current becomes amplified by a dramatic increase in Ca2+ spark rate during CICR.
This implies that modulation of the Ca2+ spark rate may control the Ca2+ transient amplitude and cardiac force development (inotropy).
Even given these caveats, higher CRU fragmentation and reduced buffering would both facilitate intra-cluster interaction, leading to an increased spontaneous spark rate.
The current modelling and experimental data indicate that the presence of more small RyR clusters within CRUs also contributes to Ca2+ sparks, leading to a higher Ca2+ spark rate in AF compared with Ctrl.
This is thought to have been achieved by inhibition of RyR2 via an open state block; under these circumstances comparable leak is achieved via significantly higher spark rates despite a significantly reduced "spark mass" [ 7].
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