They also imply that AKT and ER inhibitors induce an adaptive response that limits their efficacy as single agents; that is, cells may compensate by signaling with the alternative (spared) pathway when only one pathway is inhibited.
Patients affected with this condition have a spare electrical pathway in between the atria and ventricles that can allow electrical signals to cross it without going through the atrioventricular node first.
The spared lateral pathways terminate primarily in lateral frontal cortex, but also secondarily in orbital frontal areas, accounting for the relative sparing of terminals in orbital as compared with ventral medial frontal cortex.
The human cytomegalovirus (CMV) affects UPR through activation of the PERK and IRE-1 branches but spares the ATF6 pathway [19], [20].
This difference was not statistically significant given the small number of patients, but the finding is intriguing since dexmedetomidine, an α-agonist, is thought to spare the GABA-receptor pathway, and may potentiate endogenous sleep-promoting pathways [ 55].
In addition to mitochondrial biogenesis, endurance exercise also induces β-oxidation pathways to spare glucose during the recovery period following acute exercise [2], [6], [7].
This bias is predominantly lost at high ligand concentrations because in many instances transducers reflect the presence of spare receptors for the pathways.
Iron starvation downregulates various iron-dependent pathways to spare iron to prolong survival (Hortschansky et al., 2007; Schrettl et al., 2010).
Mutations that impair the mechano- (mec-10 ), light- (lite-1 ), oxygen- (gcy-33 ), and taste- (che-1 ) sensory pathways spared magnetotaxis, while mutations in genes specifically required for AFD sensory neurons (ttx-1 and gcy-23,-8,-18 ) abolished magnetotaxis.
Patients with an inactive ATM-Chk2-p53 pathway may be spared an unnecessary DNA-damaging treatment and instead given alternative therapy, for example, microtubule poisons.
