Sentence examples for span backward from inspiring English sources

Fig. 2 Musician status in the digit span backward task.

Backward spatial span (Backward SS): This test evaluates how recent visuospatial information is handled (Shiels Jr et al., 2008).

Subjects with low levels of vitamins showed deficits in Block Design, TMT-B, Digit Span Backward, and letter fluency, but not in the remaining tests.

Results of the digit span backward demonstrated a marginal main effect of musician status, F 5, 146) = 2.64, p = 0.075, η2 = 0.035, with musicians outperforming non-musicians.

We were interested in performance on digit span backward, which is considered a measure of executive or complex working memory (George & Coch, 2011).

The digit span backward task showed a main effect of musician status, F 1, 148) = 6.07, p = 0.015, and a small effect size, η2 = 0.04.

The digit span task is a subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and consists of digit span forward and digit span backward.

As expected, young participants performed significantly better than elderly individuals in visuospatial memory (effect of group: F = 42.7, p < 0.01), verbal memory (F = 33.1, p < 0.01), and working memory (digit-span backward: F = 4.5, p = 0.04).

But, within aMCI group, the correlation between Stroop and Trial B was significant (r = 0.58, p < .05), while the correlations between Stroop and Digit-Span Backward and between Trial B and Digit-Span Backward did not reach significance.

The measures were selected because they required planning (Digit-Span Backward), inhibition (Stroop), and task switching (Trial B), all of which were crucial for PM tasks.

The composite measure of executive function was defined as the mean z-score of Digit-Span Backward, Trail Making B, and Stroop tests.