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None expanded under SP pressure.
The temporal increase of resistance vis-à-vis SP pressure is shown in Figure 6B.
This indicates a key role for SP pressure in antifolate resistance in the village.
The SP pressure was substantially lower than that of CQ and yet similar conclusions can be drawn.
We expected to observe signatures of selection left by SP pressure in this population [ 37], namely: i) a reduction in genetic diversity around dhps and dhfr, due to a selective sweep; ii) an increased genetic differentiation at the loci under selection; iii) significant LD between loci flanking dhps and dhfr genes.
Similar(55)
C: control; HF-: high fat-fed rats without weight gain; HF+: high fat-fed rats with weight gain; HR: heart rate; SP: systolic pressure; DP: diastolic pressure; LVDP: left ventricular developed pressure; dP/dt max: maximum rate of pressure change; dP/dt min: maximum rate of pressure change; a, b: two means located on a same line without a common letter are significantly different.
SP: systolic pressure, DP: diastolic pressure, HR: heart rate, BMI: body mass index, HOMA-I: the homeostasis model assessment-index, IR: insulin resistant offsprings of type 2 diabetic patients, NIR: non insulin resistant offsprings of type 2 diabetic patients.
There was a strong correlation between the increase in Pfdhfr-ts triple mutant frequency and the increasing SP drug pressure during that period (R2 = 0.9, with a linear model).
The only mutant Pfdhfr-ts genotype that expanded under SP drug pressure had the typical molecular signature of the ancestral resistance haplotype of Southeast Asian origin that has spread across Africa [5], [6].
One explanation for this is migration of SP-resistant parasites from neighboring countries in East Africa, such as Kenya, Tanzania, and Malawi, which have a very high prevalence of SP-resistant parasites and sustained SP drug pressure.
In SP, blood pressure (55.9%) and hypercholesterolemia (47.5%) were most prevalent in the history, and the conditions where better therapeutic control objectives were achieved (48.0% and 59.8% respectively; p = 0.000).
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