Traffic was simulated with one pass on clay soil for a front-wheel assist tractor (FWA, load = 77.7 kN) and a four-wheel drive tractor (4WD, load = 98.01 kN) on three soil conditions: direct sowing systems, ploughed and seedbed.
This is a variant of the "one eating stall per sow" system (OESPS), and it is a variant that is unlikely to go out of use due to production costs associated with poor sow welfare.
However, there is a lack of scientific evidence on techniques, such as oral supplementation of piglets, cross-fostering, nurse sow systems, or artificial rearing of piglets, and further research should be of interest.
Initially, we examined ternary phase diagrams of surfactant oil water (SOW) systems containing different ratios of C12 TAPAMS 2 or C12 COONa 2 as the surfactant entity (S), oleic acid, isopropyl palmitate or isopropyl myristate as the oil phase (O) and the water phase (W) by the titration method.
In a second study approximately 560 Tasmanians were shown images of a clearfell, burn and sow management system and asked to judge its acceptability.
Nineteen (32%) of the 60 herds in the study were satellites in a sow pool, a system whereby pregnant sows are leased from a central herd unit to several other herds ("satellite" herds).
Overall, total ONF behaviors were comparable between gestation sow housing systems.
PCV2 seems to be ubiquitous in pigs [ 2], and the ambiguity of PMWS is evident in multi-site sow pool systems which can include both healthy and PMWS-affected satellites, despite that the sows are mixed at a common sow hold during the dry period, and alter between farrowing sites [ 4].
Due to welfare consideration, systems with loose-housed sows instead of system with crates/stalls for the sows have become common, at least for non-lactating sows.
Many farmers practice direct sowing, a mechanized system intended to preserve land nutrients and avoid erosion; much of the grain in Paraguay is grown by that method.
Clearfelling of wet eucalypt forest followed by high intensity burning and aerial sowing, a silvicultural system designed to mimic the natural dynamic of sporadic regeneration following cataclysmic disturbance, has attracted criticism for not maintaining the structural diversity that is associated with natural disturbance.
