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He described Mr. Primakov as an "old Soviet type" who kept a "special file" on journalists and other critics.
And having experienced both kinds of occupation, no doubt many Latvians did think the Soviet type was the worse.
We have lived through two practical attempts to realise these in their pure form: the centrally state-planned economies of the Soviet type and the totally unrestricted and uncontrolled free-market capitalist economy.
The Soviet type of "command economy" developed under Stalin, however, provided no criterion for decentralized decision making such as is provided, however imperfectly, by the market mechanism in Western capitalist countries.
Nobody seriously thinks of returning to the socialist systems of the Soviet type - not only because of their political faults, but also because of the increasing sluggishness and inefficiency of their economies - though this should not lead us to underestimate their impressive social and educational achievements.
The Soviet type of planning grew up under the special conditions prevailing in the U.S.S.R. and was adapted to the task of speedy industrialization of a poor country, with strong emphasis on heavy industry, explicable partly by the logic of industrialization (steel and machinery are more conducive to industrial growth than textiles and jam), partly by concern for military potential.
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In "Birth of the Hero" (1987), a set of 15 white-painted bronze figures, traditional Soviet types, each holding a different Soviet symbol (like a hammer and sickle) in red, stand side by side with magical otherworldly creatures who apparently allude to the Communist distortion of religion into propaganda.
("F-22" indicated a fighter jet of the outmoded anti-Soviet type; "F/A-22" draws attention to its air-to-ground attacking, which is more useful in modern theaters of war. "Raptor" just sounds tough).
"In the Soviet Union and the Soviet-type economies, prices are extensively managed by the state.
In practice, of course, Soviet-type planning was not always able to realize these potential advantages.
While Russians no longer endure Soviet-type control, the Kremlin still dominates.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com