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In the 1980s, for example, it was not known that the AIDS virus was sweeping Africa because the illness was first found in a few gay men in California, and it took years to find the source virus in chimpanzees.
Current data does suggest that during sexual HIV transmission the source virus more likely originates from free viral particles than from infected cells in seminal plasma [61], [62].
Furthermore, preexisting viral adaptations in the incoming (source) virus likely influenced the outcomes in the new hosts.
Note that during nonpersistent aphid transmission, it is assumed that virus particles are sampled at random from the source virus population (Betancourt et al. 2008).
The epitopes presented by the 'protective' alleles HLA-A*03 and -B*27 in the Irish cohort contained substitutions in the source virus of the East German outbreak.
31 32 The importance and influence of the source virus is illustrated in a study which investigated the roles of HLA-A*03, B*08 and B*27 in determining viral outcome in the East German single-source outbreak.
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Although the reasons for some of these discrepancies remain unclear, variations in somatic cell sources, virus quality and infection protocols are known variables in reprogramming [16].
Here are some of the nasty bugs that can infect your computer, courtesy of commercial or hacker sources: Viruses: Bits of software that infect other programs and rely on them to reproduce themselves.
When the source of virus was identified by standard epidemiologic investigation, virologic surveillance helped to confirm the source of the virus and to build a genetic database of viral sequences associated with imported cases from different areas.
However, infected plants can be a source of virus for dissemination by insects.
It was imperative that Sn-bound HIV-1NL4-3 be the only source of virus in these trans infection assays.
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