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The first explanation is the selection for specialization on abundant species (because abundant species constitute a more reliable source of reward than rare species with fluctuating populations).
If highly structured courses lower failure rates, faculty might find their increasingly diverse student population a source of reward and inspiration, rather than frustration.
Researcher-identified rewards (stickers, glow-pens, gift certificates, coloring books or brain pictures) represent yet another major source of reward [e.g., [ 17]].
Another significant source of reward signals in the brain are dopaminergic reward-predicting neurons, which may also indirectly modulate or enhance sensory cortical activity (for review, see Schultz 2002).
The acknowledgement of such a process in decision making has gained momentum in recent years as was recognized as the root of wanting [ 64], as the index of correct choice [ 65, 66], as the anticipated source of reward in decision making [ 67], and especially in uncertain conditions when rationality is hindered [ 68]. "Pleasure has a central role in human life" [ 69].
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The good news is that it's possible to measure and understand these different sources of reward and stress.
When this fails to produce the desired behaviour, we are inclined to argue that the child is finding other sources of reward or does not find the intended punishment particularly unpleasant, or that the parents' behaviour is hopelessly inconsistent.
Thus, the instrumental component in the recording session is likely to engage goal-directed processes [32] that are relevant to the exploitation of known sources of reward; the link of the spatial exploration component in our experiments to the exploration of possible new sources of reward is less apparent.
On the one hand, sources of reward trigger heightened distress when the attachment object is being threatened.
Three different sources of reward are taken into account: financial, esteem, and occupational social status control (i.e., promotion prospects and job security).
Reward intake optimization requires a balance between exploiting known sources of rewards and exploring for new sources.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com