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In the Sun the principal source of opacity is the negative hydrogen ion (H−), a hydrogen atom with one extra electron loosely bound to it.
In hotter stars, such as Sirius A (the temperature of which is about 10,000 K), atomic hydrogen is the main source of opacity, whereas in cooler stars much of the outgoing energy is often absorbed by molecular bands of titanium oxide, water vapour, and carbon monoxide.
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Additional sources of opacity are absorption by helium atoms and electron scattering in hotter stars, absorption by hydrogen molecules and molecular ions, absorption by certain abundant metals such as magnesium, and Rayleigh scattering (a type of wavelength-dependent scattering of radiation by particles named for the British physicist Lord Rayleigh) in cool supergiant stars.
When the line center is strongly saturated, these wings may become a significant source of additional opacity in cool white dwarf atmospheres.
Cloud-top level is believed to be similar at these wavelengths (estimated from images, but cannot be precisely determined due to the diffuse nature of the cloud-top region and the presence of haze), so the differences in morphology at the two wavelengths generally imply differences in distributions of opacity sources horizontally and vertically above the visible cloud tops.
Ms. Olsen's performance is both the key to the film and the source of its sometimes frustrating opacity.
"Ms. Olsen's performance is both the key to the film and the source of its sometimes frustrating opacity," A. O. Scott wrote in The Times.
The system uses either IR LED or IR light bulb sources depending on the degree of opacity of the investigated minerals.
Birdman is another film that beautifully maintains a sense of opacity.
In the struggle against the tenacity of opacity, will visibility overtake transparency?
Throughout the years, matches between the two have been marked by a kind of opacity.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com