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Changes of sound speed in the horizontal are usually slight except in areas where abrupt boundaries exist between waters of different properties.
Temperature usually decreases with depth and normally exerts a greater influence on sound speed than does the salinity in the surface layer of the open oceans.
The effects of salinity and temperature on sound speed are more important than the effect of pressure in the upper layers.
At depths of approximately 1,000 metres, pressure becomes the important factor: it combines with temperature and salinity to produce a zone of minimum sound speed.
WPR observes the apparent sound speed; then, the true sound speed is obtained by compensating for the radial wind velocity.
Temperature variations with depth and sound speed gradients were rather weak in December 2012, with the sound speed c = 1537.4 ± 2.4 m/s throughout the water column.
water column depth: m; sound speed velocity in water: m/s; sound speed velocity in sediments: m/s; water density: ; sediment density:.
Therefore, the fluid sound speed is not an important parameter in this regime.
However, the temperature decreases along with height; therefore, the sound speed decreases with increasing height.
Assuming the sound speed can be determined with the same r.m.s.
Fig. 4 Measured sound speed profile and propagation paths from the position of the small boat.
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