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We presented subjects with three different sound exemplars (6 s each) for each of the categories "human" and "inanimate".
Crucially, the information fed down to early visual cortex is category specific and generalizes to sound exemplars of the same category, providing evidence for abstract information feedback rather than precise pictorial feedback.
The results of experiment 5 suggest that the information that is fed down to early visual cortex is not only content specific but also category specific, i.e., related to the information shared by sound exemplars of the same category.
That is, the information contained in these activity patterns is generalizable across different sound exemplars within a category, demonstrating that sounds trigger shared categorical information transfer to early visual cortex rather than a fine-grained pictorial representation.
The crucial experimental manipulation here was that two sound exemplars in each category could induce similar pictorial representations (different snapshots of a similar environment: "people 1" and "people 2" and "traffic 1" and "traffic 2"), whereas the third could induce a very different image due to a different feature ("playing kids" and "starting airplane").
Classification of exemplars of the "human" versus the "inanimate" category was successful in several early visual areas for eight out of nine exemplar combinations, replicating in part the results of experiment 1 and demonstrating decoding of sounds of the categories "human" and "inanimate" with different sound exemplars and shorter stimulus presentation times.
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The girls heard 16 strictly distinct biological sounds (2 sentence exemplars ×2 stimuli individuals ×2 emotions [P-friendly, N-aggressive intonation] ×2 classrooms [IG-same, EG-different]).
Thus each monkey subject heard 24 strictly distinct biological sounds (2 call exemplars ×2 stimuli individuals ×2 emotions [P-contact, N-threat calls] ×3 species [IG-Campbell's monkeys, EG1-De Brazza monkeys, EG2-Red-capped mangabeys]).
Because the no sound group does not have exemplars, we could not include exemplar as a factor in our analyses.
Our results further indicate that the two subcategories of human sounds are possibly treated as exemplars of a broader category of human produced sounds ("living things"), as shown by the undifferentiated modulation they elicited at frontal and parietal scalp locations.
Following the same procedure as in the other language versions of the SUN test [ 32], VCV utterances were recorded as single exemplars in a sound-treated room by a professional, native-Brazilian, male speaker who was instructed to pronounce the VCVs with no prosodic accent, with the stress on the first vowel and with constant pitch across the list.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com