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Some species also have an "indirect" pathway for sound detection, where acoustic pressure is detected by the swim bladder, but this signal is still mediated by the otoliths16,25.
Sound detection is possible with laminar streams that can be made sensitive to certain sound frequencies.
Chen, F. et al. A differentially amplified motion in the ear for near-threshold sound detection.
Popper, A. N. & Fay, R. R. Rethinking sound detection by fishes.
An example is the hydrophone, which responds to waterborne sound waves and is useful in underwater sound detection.
One of the extraordinary features of the mammalian sound detection system is the range over which it works.
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Further, we elucidated the robust Alligator sinensis sensory system, including a significantly expanded olfactory receptor repertoire, rapidly evolving nerve-related cellular components and visual perception, and positive selection of the night vision-related opsin and sound detection-associated otopetrin.
We provide here two application examples, although we note that strictly speaking, these do not represent a census of animals because we need multipliers (e.g. accounting for group size, or proportion of time producing sounds) to produce actual animal density estimates from sound detections.
Foreground sounds detection can be carried out as the departure from this BG model.
Thus, in the (unlikely) absence of any masking sounds, detection of breathing sounds could work over several tens of meters.
A member of the San Francisco Sardine Association has predicted that sonar, a sound-detection device developed during the war for spotting submarines, will greatly increase the sardine catch as soon as the characteristic sonar noise of sardines is discovered: a squid has already been found to give out a "low, muted, fuzzy echo," and a tiny cod gives a sound like a whirling airplace propeller.
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