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For butanol blends, the resulting integral luminosities in Figure 7 were less intense, demonstrating a lower particulate amount produced than gasoline with stronger soot reduction.
Effects of oxygenated fuels on soot reduction strongly depend on the base fuel.
In the case of burning spray, the natural luminosity of the flame decreases remarkably with the hydrous ethanol increasing, indicating the soot reduction in the flame.
It was concluded that the soot reduction by applying an electric field was due to the oxidation of soot particles.
At the exhaust valve opening, the soot reduction rate was not sufficient to complete the oxidation; thus, part of the particulate matter formed in the combustion chamber was emitted in the exhaust line.
As PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) are the main precursor of soot formation during the combustion, the investigation of PAHs formation is essential for the understanding of the soot formation and soot reduction in combustion.
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Cars then need to be equipped with increasingly complex systems of catalytic converters, enabling oxidation of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, filtration and oxidation of soot, and reduction of nitrogen oxides.
Then the activity was studied by temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), temperature-programmed reduction with soot (Soot-TPR) and in situ IR of soot combustion reactions.
Trade-off analyses of the CRDI operations at all optimal injection durations corresponding to each operating load points were observed to be consistently higher than the corresponding baseline diesel operations owing to commendable soot and BSFC reductions.
The result was a 35percentt reduction of soot over a 200-block area.
Oxy-combustion of liquid fuels has been investigated recently as a solution for carbon capture and reduction of soot and NOx emissions [32].
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