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We found that the limiting temperatures of soot formation flames are viable sooting metrics for quantitatively rating the sooting tendency of various fuels, based on comparisons with threshold soot index and normalized smoke point data.
In this study, we focused only on the sooting characteristics based on the Threshold Soot Index (TSI).
The surrogate, which consists of 77% n-dodecane and 23% m-xylene by volume, was designed to match the threshold soot index of a nominal JP-8 fuel.
That composition which presents a Threshold Soot Index (TSI) very close to Diesel one is also consistent with our Diesel composition that indicates a relatively low PAH content.
The analysis of the correlation existing between the peak soot volume fraction measured in flames and the Threshold Soot Index (TSI) of the different mixtures tested in this work revealed that the effect of ethanol was not only a dilution one but that the oxygen contained in the alcohol also influence the soot formation.
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The YSIs correlate well with literature values of threshold sooting index (TSI), which is a more traditional sooting tendency based on the height of pure-fuelled flames at the smoke point.
This new index is denoted as the Oxygen Extended Sooting Index (OESI).
Based on the peak soot volume fractions measured in standardized jet flames, a Fuel Equivalent Sooting Index (FESI) has been inferred for each considered oxygenated additive and compared with corresponding Yield Sooting Index (YSI), Threshold Sooting Index (TSI) and Oxygen Extended Sooting Index (OESI) values measured and/or estimated based on structural group contribution methods.
An inflexion point is observed when plotting the flame height against fuel uptake rate and is suggested as a reference point to calculate the threshold sooting index (TSI).
The derived cetane number (DCN) and threshold sooting index (TSI) of iC12 are measured to be 16.8 (±1) and 15.4 (±0.5), respectively.
The Threshold Sooting Index (TSI), as defined and used in the literature, was primarily used to quantify the sooting tendency of the compounds.
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